1/30/2024 0 Comments Siberian mouse tanja blowjob![]() ![]() For example, at the level of the adipose tissue, androstenedione (A4) is converted to testosterone by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17β-HSD5) and testosterone may be further activated to DHT by the type 1 isoform of 5α-reductase. However, it is also possible that testosterone is locally synthesized at the level of peripheral organs. Androgens are parallel produced from Δ5- and Δ4-precursors, and therefore, converted into peripheral target tissues to the more potent androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5α-reductase enzyme ( 3). Regarding androgens, in both sexes, there are different synthesis pathways a classic pathway where testosterone is synthesized directly in testicular Leydig cells in men and ovarian theca cells in women. Males and females produce the same steroid hormones in a similar way. ![]() Sex hormone differences between the sexes The sexual dimorphism of androgens in the pathophysiology of T2DM is emphasized. This review focuses on the link between sex hormones and T2DM through the impact that a sex hormone imbalance has on metabolic tissues, particularly on adipose tissue. There is a general agreement that obesity is the major risk factor for T2DM in both sexes, as supported by the data of the prevalence patterns of T2DM across regions which resemble those of obesity ( 2). Sex and gender differences are equally important in terms of development, awareness, presentation, diagnosis and therapy, as well as the prevention of T2DM, influencing each other, above all through the impact on obesity. Gender differences arise from sociocultural processes and include different forms of nutrition, life styles or stress or attitudes toward treatments and prevention of diseases. Sex differences between women and men include differences in sex hormones and their effects on organ systems. The term sex is used to primarily indicate biological differences and the term gender predominantly describes the psychosocial differences between sexes. There is increasing evidence that sex and gender differences influence the epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment and outcomes of many diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) ( 1). ![]() Role of sex and gender on the development of type 2 diabetes ![]()
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